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Introduction to Study Design

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  1. Getting Started
  2. Overview
    1 Quiz
  3. Measures of Disease Occurrence & Association
    5 Topics
    |
    1 Quiz
  4. Trials & Meta-Analyses
    4 Topics
    |
    1 Quiz
  5. Observational Studies
    4 Topics
    |
    1 Quiz
  6. Bias
    3 Topics
    |
    1 Quiz
  7. Confounding
    3 Topics
    |
    1 Quiz
  8. References
  9. Additional Resources

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  2. Last JM, editor. A dictionary of epidemiology. 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1995.
  3. Avorn J. Powerful medicines: the benefits, risks and costs of prescription drugs. New York: Vintage Books; 2005.
  4. Rothman KJ. Epidemiology: an introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2002.
  5. Goldacre B. Bad pharma. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart; 2012.
  6. Shrank WH, Patrick AR, Brookhart MA. Healthy user and related biases in observational studies of preventive interventions: a primer for physicians. J Gen Intern Med. 2011;26(5):546-50. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3077477/ 
  7. Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Colditz GA, Rosner B, Speizer FE, Hennekens CH. A prospective study of postmenopausal estrogen therapy and coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med. 1985;313(17):1044-9. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4047106/ 
  8. Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, LaCroix AZ, Kooperberg C, Stefanick ML, et al. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Women’s Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002;288(3):321-33. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12117397/ 
  9. Rothman KJ, Greenland S, Lash TL. Modern Epidemiology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2008.
  10. Gordis L. Epidemiology. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2014.
  11. Use of antipsychotics surge dramatically. Children’s mental health research quarterly. 2009;3(3).
  12. Morrow RL, Garland EJ, Wright JM, Maclure M, Taylor S, Dormuth CR. Influence of relative age on diagnosis and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children. CMAJ Canadian Medical Association Journal. 2012;184(7):755-62. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3328520/ 
  13. Lissauer D, Wilson A, Hewitt CA, Middleton L, Bishop JRB, Daniels J, et al. A randomized trial of prophylactic antibiotics for miscarriage surgery. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(11):1012-21. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30865795/ 
  14. Friedman LM, Furberg CD, DeMets DL, Reboussin DM, Granger CB. Fundamentals of clinical trials. 5th ed. New York: Springer; 2015
  15. Li YYR, Mai H, Trudeau ME, Mittmann N, Chiasson K, Chan KKW, et al. Reimbursement recommendations for cancer drugs supported by phase II evidence in Canada. Curr Oncol. 2020;27(5):e495-e500. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33173389/ 
  16. Green SB. Design of randomized trials. Epidemiologic Reviews. 2002;24(1). Available from: https://academic.oup.com/epirev/article-pdf/24/1/4/8722103/240004.pdf 
  17. Gupta SK. Intention-to-treat concept: A review. Perspect Clin Res. 2011;2(3):109-12. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21897887/ 
  18. Deeks JJ, Higgins JPT, Altman DG, editors. Chapter 10: Analysing data and undertaking meta-analyses. In: Higgins JPT, Chandler TJ, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, Welch VA, editors. Cochrane Handbook of Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Version 6.2 (updated Feb 2021). Cochrane; 2021. Available from: https://training.cochrane.org/handbook/current/chapter-10 
  19. Morrow RL, Mintzes B, Souverein PC, De Bruin ML, Roughead EE, Lexchin J, et al. Influence of drug safety advisories on drug utilisation: an international interrupted time series and meta-analysis. BMJ quality & safety. 2022;31(3):179-90. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35058332/ 
  20. Lipscombe LL, Austin PC, Alessi-Severini S, Blackburn DF, Blais L, Bresee L, et al. Atypical antipsychotics and hyperglycemic emergencies: multicentre, retrospective cohort study of administrative data. Schizophr Res. 2014;154(1-3):54-60. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35058332/ 
  21. Tuccori M, Filion KB, Yin H, Yu OH, Platt RW, Azoulay L. Pioglitazone use and risk of bladder cancer: population based cohort study. Bmj. 2016;352:i1541. Available from: https://www.bmj.com/content/352/bmj.i1541 
  22. Dormuth CR, Filion KB, Paterson JM, James MT, Teare GF, Raymond CB, et al. Higher potency statins and the risk of new diabetes: multicentre, observational study of administrative databases. BMJ. 2014;348:g3244. Available from: https://www.bmj.com/content/348/bmj.g3244 
  23. Ladha KS, Mistry N, Wijeysundera DN, Clarke H, Verma S, Hare GMT, et al. Recent cannabis use and myocardial infarction in young adults: a cross-sectional study. CMAJ 2021;193(35):E1377-E84. Available from: https://www.cmaj.ca/content/193/35/E1377 
  24. Fischer B, Jones W, Rehm J. High correlations between levels of consumption and mortality related to strong prescription opioid analgesics in British Columbia and Ontario, 2005-2009. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2013;22(4):438-42. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23319301/ 
  25. Pai M, Kaufman JS. The B files: Case studies of bias in real life epidemiologic studies. Bias file 2. Should we stop drinking coffee? Mcgill University, Montreal QC; 2009. Available from: https://www.teachepi.org/wp-content/uploads/OldTE/documents/courses/bfiles/The%20B%20Files_File2_Coffee_Final_Complete.pdf 
  26. Pai M. Selection bias in epidemiological studies. McGill University, Montreal QC. Available from: https://www.teachepi.org/wp-content/uploads/OldTE/documents/courses/fundamentals/Pai_Lecture6_Selection%20bias.pdf 
  27. Joseph KS, Mehrabadi A, Lisonkova S. Confounding by indication and related concepts. Curr Epidemiol Rep. 2014; 1 :1–8. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40471-013-0004-y